Butterfly wings are covered in scales, which aid flight, body temperature adjustment, and escape. Moreover, they produce beautiful colors due to pigments and optical effects of the surface nanostructures. The shapes and ridges (straight lines) of the scales can be clearly seen under a microscope, while the pigments can be viewed under dark field illumination. Image 1: The common rose swallowtail butterfly (Pachliopta aristolochiae interposita, third from left and first from right), Milionia zonea pryeri moth (first from left and second from right), and the common grass yellow butterfly (Eurema hecabe, second from left). Image 2: Side illumination of parallel ridge patterns of purple crow butterfly black scales revealing blue and purple tints.